![]() Over the last decade there have been a growing micro level focus on better understanding technology transfer through the experiences of individual actors involved in the technology transfer process such as academic entrepreneurs (Bercovitz and Feldman 2008 Mosey and Wright 2007 Miller et al. 2001 O’Reilly and Cunningham 2017 O’Kane et al. 2013), time allocations (Ponomariov and Boardman 2008) and barriers to university collaboration (Cunningham et al. 2016a D’este and Perkmann 2011 Hayter 2017), communications (Barnes et al. Such studies have focused on for example the use of technology transfer offices (Muscio 2010), cultural differences (Lin and Berg 2001) institutional dimensions of R&D collaborations (Bjerregaard 2010), motivations (Cunningham et al. Micro perspectives of technology transfer have focused on a variety of themes and are growing within the field using different discipline perspectives (see Albats et al. Moreover emerging growing body of research on science parks have taken multi-level perspectives of technology transfer (see Hobbs et al. 2017 Lindholm Dahlstrand and Politis 2013 Mian 1996 McAdam et al. 2017 Kolympiris and Klein 2017 Larsson et al. The role incubators, accelerators and graduate entrepreneurship has become a growing area of focus among researchers (see Birch et al. Technology transfer offices have been a particular focus of empirical studies at both the meso and micro levels (see Algieri et al. Studies have focused at the meso level with a particular focus on supporting institutions. 2007 Cunningham and Link 2015, 2016 Geuna and Rossi 2011 Haeussler and Colyvas 2011 Hall et al. Other policy and context orientated studies have empirically investigated the impact of other policy initiatives in the US and other contexts such as European countries (see Adams and Link 2017 Becher and Kuhlmann 2012 Breschi et al. 2011 Kenney and Patton 2009 Mowery 2005, 2011 Mowery et al. 2001).Ī particular macro focus of empirical studies have centred on the Bayh–Dole Act 1980 that have evaluated the impact of this US legislation on shaping and driving technology transfer from universities to industry (Grimaldi et al. Moreover, this macro perspective has also focused on the effectiveness of policy instruments designed to support effective technology transfer at national or regional levels or targeted at specific industry sectors (Contractor and Sagafi-Nejad 1981 Rothwell and Dodgson 1992 Worrell et al. 2013 Cutler 1989 Grimpe and Fier 2010 Gilsing et al. These macro perspectives have also focused on technology transfer mechanisms (formal and informal) and methods (see Amesse and Cohendet 2001 Bradley et al. At the macro perspective researchers, endeavors have tackled some of the fundamental questions in relation technology transfer that has and continues to have a relevance to such individual actors involved in technology transfer such as scientists, R&D specialists, CEOs, policy makers etc. At a macro level this has generated evolving perspectives on for example the mechanisms, measurement, evaluation and effectiveness of technology transfer (see Autio and Laamanen 1995 Bozeman 2000 Cutler 1988 Rasmussen and Rice 2011 Phillips 2002 Siegel et al. These draw from a range of different disciplines such as economics, management, innovation, public policy, strategic management and entrepreneurship. There has been a long tradition of macro perspectives of technology transfer that have laid the empirical and theoretical foundations within the field. The purpose of this special issue is to provide a further understanding of macro, meso and micro perspectives of technology transfer and to provide an agenda for further research that blends these multi-level perspectives of technology transfer. This research is unearthing fine-grained nuances and insights that provide further evidence of how technology transfer activities are shaped and evolve in different geographical and organizational contexts. Within the field there is a growing focus on meso and micro aspects of technology transfer and a growing interest in for example role individual actors such as scientists, principal investigators policy makers, TTO actors, supporting institutions and functions such as universities, professional research organizations, technology and knowledge transfer offices. This research has created a body of knowledge and an evidence base that has contributed original insights in developing the field and also has shaped policymaking and practice. Over the last few decades research into the different aspects of technology transfer has grown significantly that has taken in the main a macro perspective. ![]()
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